東京海洋大学Yoko UCHIDA

Still, there are no specific English varieties recommended as a pronunciation model, and any variety of English is accepted as long as it does not prevent the speaker from being understood (IMO, 2015). Therefore, the problem of mutual intelligibility due to accent can remain. From practical point of view, speaking slowly and clearly is strongly recommended in Maritime English communications, especially on the radio (Takagi & Stone; Uchida & Takagi, 2012).

In order to enhance intelligibility having different native languages, research taking various approaches has been conducted:
1) Contrastive analysis (Takagi & Uchida, 2011; Uchida & Takagi, 2012)
2) Lingua Franca Core/English as a lingua franca pronunciation (Jenkins, 2000; Simpson &Patsko)
3) Functional Load (Brown, 1991)
4) Intelligibility/Comprehensibility/Accentedness (Derwing& Munro, 2015)
Utilizing these approaches and other useful ones, intelligibility of Maritime English used among workers in maritime sectors needs to be further pursued.

[References]

• Bocanegra-Valle, A. (2013). Maritime English. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.). The encyclopedia of applied linguistics (pp. 3570–3583). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Brown, A. (1991). Maritime English. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.). The encyclopedia of applied linguistics (pp. 3570–3583). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2015). Pronunciation fundamentals. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Hetherington, C., Flin, R., & Mearns, K. (2006). Safety in shipping: The human element. Journal of Safety Research, 37(4), 401-11.
• IMO (International Maritime Organization). (1995). International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping. London, England: IMO.
• IMO. (2002). Standard marine communication phrases. London, England: IMO.
• IMO. (2015). IMO Model Course 3.17: Maritime English. London, England: IMO.Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Pyne, R., & Koester, T. (2005). Methods and means for analysis of crew communication in the maritime domain. Archives of Transport, 17(3-4), 193-208.
• Short, V.A. (2006). Maritime English. Valuing a common language. Seaways, The Journal of the Nautical Institute, suppl. (October), 1-12.
• Simpson, K., &Patsuko, L. Retrieved March 20, 2018 from https://elfpron.wordpress.com
• Takagi, N., & Stone, L. Retrieved March 20, 2018 from http://www2.kaiyodai.ac.jp/~takagi/pweb/wme.htm
• Takagi, N., & Uchida, Y. (2011). Phonetic Characteristics of Filipino Mariners' English. The International Maritime English Conference, 23, 193-199.
• Uchida, Y., & Takagi, N. (2012). A study on Chinese Accented English for Japanese People in the Maritime Sector. The Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation, 126, 55-64.
• Uchida, Y., & Takagi, N. (2012). What Did You Say?: Why Communication Failures Occur on the Radio. The International Maritime English Conference, 24, 170-179.
• Van Kluijven, P.C. (2003). The International Maritime Language Programme. The Netherlands: Alk & Heijnen Publishers.